Thermodynamics — PhysicsSketch

Ideal Gas Law — PV = nRT

Drag sliders to change Pressure, Volume or Moles — Temperature updates live.

Pressure (P) 1.0 atm

Volume (V) 10.0 L

Moles (n) 1.0 mol

PV = nRT → T = — K (— °C)

Pressure P

—

atm

Volume V

—

litres

Moles n

—

mol

Temperature T

—

R constant

8.314

J/mol·K

P–V Curve (Boyle's Law)

Temperature history

Maxwell–Boltzmann Speed Distribution

PVT State (3D Sketch)

Heat Transfer — Q = mcΔT

Change material, mass and ΔT. The formula solves in real time.

Mass (m) 1.0 kg

ΔT 50 °C

Material: Water

Q = m · c · ΔT → — kJ

Mass m

—

Specific heat c

—

J/kg·K

ΔT

—

°C

Heat Q

—

Q vs Mass

Material comparison

Heat conduction sketch

Heating curve

Carnot Engine — η = 1 − T_C/T_H

The theoretical maximum efficiency of any heat engine.

T_H (hot) 600 K

T_C (cold) 300 K

Q_H input 1000 J

η = 1 − T_C/T_H → η = —%

Efficiency η

—

Work out W

—

Heat rejected Q_C

—

T_H/T_C ratio

—

Efficiency vs T_H

Energy flow

Entropy — ΔS = Q/T

Entropy always increases. Disorder grows. Watch it happen.

Heat Q 500 J

Temperature T 300 K

ΔS = Q / T → — J/K